Role Of Transportation In Economic Development Of Pakistan Tourism Essay

Role Of Transportation In Economic Development Of Pakistan Tourism EssayIt is defined in term of gross domestic product (gross domestic product) and market production. It is add-ond the moment of goods and function produced by an miser formss in defined time period.Introduction expressway entanglement of any rustic is of vital importance of its economic schooling and effect positive on different fields of economy. An economy seems to true and industrialized if widespread have a bun in the oven brass. It is extremely difficult to put the economy on the highschool rapid path with erupt an in force(p) transport system. An efficient communication system is essential for craftsmanship, guinea pig commerce and integration. Pakistans economic information depends upon improvements and modernization of its transport system.In 1947 depends on itinerarys was unaccompanied 8 %, now it is more than than 96% of inland transport and 92% of rider profession. Now it is a backbone of Pakistanis economy. expressway boost Pakistan economy expressway development positive effect on production, Supply and employment financial impact of motorwayMotorway and land ingestionMotorway straight away(p) access to labour, education, Health.Motorway transport and p everywheretyMotorway and environment subject bea Highway Authority (NHA)It is responsible for the development and main(prenominal) cristalance of national highways and motorways. The heart length of roads under the NHA is 12000 which accounts 4% of the entire road network and take 80% of Pakistans commercial business. Road density is an indicator of development. trustworthy road density is 0.32 km/km2, which is much less even from regional standard. The government wants to bring double digit of 0.64 km/km2. Pakistans current road network is now more than 260000 km.Pakistans motorways are part of Pakistans field of believe craft Corridor Project, which aims to connective Pakistans three Arabian ocean ports (Karachi carriage, look Bin Qasim and Gwadar Port) to the residuum of the country and further with Afghanistan, Iran, India, commutation Asia and mainland China.M-1 Motorway Islamabad to PeshawarPakistans motorway (M-1) clv km 6- avenue, tie-uping Peshawar, Charsada, Noshera, Sawabi, Attock, Burhan, Hasanabadal to Islamabad capital of Pakistan, has been running(a) since 30 October 2007. It has become a vital tie beam to Afghanistan and Central Asia and is expected to take much traffic off the highly used N5. It is safe way of NATO supply line to Afghanistan. It is the or so beautiful motorway of Pakistan crossing river Sindh and river Kabil.M-2 Motorway Islamabad to LahorePakistans get-go motorway, the 367 km 6-lane M-2, connecting the Pakistan capital Islamabad and Lahore, was constructed by in the s kayoedh Koreas Daewoo Corporation and was inaugu sayd in November 1997 in Nawaz Sharif Govt and was the first motorway to be built in sulphur Asia. It is strategic ro ad during war using as emergency offer way. The M-2 is a motorway in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is 367 km coarse and connects Lahore with Islamabad. It passes through Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Khanqah Dogran, Kot Sarwar, Pindi Bhattian, Sial Morr, Kot Momin, Salem, Lilla, K totallyar Kahar, Balksar, and Chakri before ending just outside the twin cities Rawalpindi and Islamabad. It then continues on to eventually become the M1 motorway linking the twin cities with Peshawar. The M-2 crosses the junction of the M3 (to Faisalabad) at Pindi Bhattian. It has machine-accessible best places for tourists like Hiran Minar, Waris Shah Tomb, Khewara mine, salt range, Citric fields, Rice fields and Kalar Kahar Jheel.M-3 Motorway Pindi Bhatian to FaisalabadPakistan motorway (M-3), the 54 km 4-lane linking the Pindi Bhattian Arch bridge Junction on the M-2 with Faisalabad. Initially, it was planned to have 6-lanes, however, due to the shortage of funds, it was decided to down the shape of lanes to 4 with an option to upgrade it to 6-lanes in future. Construction of the M-3 began in may 2002 and it was finish ahead of schedule in September 2003 at a cost of Rs 5.3 billion. It was inaugurated and opened for traffic on 2 October 2003. Now industrial bea of Punjab Govt is organism constructed on Sahinwala interchange.(M-4) Motorway Faisalabad to MultanIt has length of 233 km 4-lane, began on 19 August 2009 with breaking ceremony performed by Pakistans Prime Minister, Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani. in that respect is working on progress at two constructions Phase Faisalabad to Gojra and Khanewal to Multan. It pull up stakes link Multan with the M-3 Motorway at Faisalabad. The M4 go away begin Faisalabad interchange at the Sargodha Road of Faisalabad. It lead continue on a southwest hunt down connecting the cities of Faisalabad, Jhang, Gojra, Toba Tek Singh, Shorkot, Khanewal and Multan. Once at Khanewal, it bequeath merge onto the N5 temporarily until the M5 is complete.. The M4 pass on be constructed in quartette stages (i) Faisalabad-Gojra (58km), (ii) Gojra-Shorkot (61km), (iii) Shorkot-Din Pur-Khanewal (65km) and (iv) Khanewal-Multan (65km), whereas two large bridges pass on be constructed on the River Ravi and Shadhnai Channel. Estimated cost is USD 601 one one thousand thousand million million.M-5 Motorway Multan to Dera Khazi KhanIt is a planned 4 lane motorway that go out link Multan with Dera Ghazi Khan. It pull up stakes be constructed afterwardward the completion of the Faisalabad Multan (M-4) Motorway.M-6 Motorway Dera Ghazi Khan to RatoderoIt is a planned 4 lane motorway that pass on link Dera Ghazi Khan with Ratodero. It lead be constructed after the completion of the Multan to Dera Khazi Khan( M-5) Motorway.M-8 Motorway Ratodero To GawaderThe 892 km 4-lane M-8 is under-construction in Sindh and Balochistan provinces. Initially, it will have 2 lanes with a further 2 lanes planned. The 4 lane motorway will be up gradable to 6 lanes. Once completed it will directly link the port city of Gwadar with the rest of Pakistans motorway network at Ratodero where it will link up with the M-6 Dera Ghazi Khan-Ratodero Motorway.M-9 Motorway Haiderabad to KarachiHyderabad-Karachi Super Highway is in the touch on of being upgraded into a 6-lane access-controlled motorway designated the M-9. Expression of Interest (EOI) was invited by the subject Highway Authority (NHA) in May 2011. The NHA portion outed the Rs. 24.93 billion contract to the Malayan construction company on Built Operate Transfer (BOT) terra firma in January 2012. The proposed 136-km long motorway will be completed in three years.Patrolling and enforcementNational Highways and Motorway Police (NHMP) is responsible for enforcement of traffic rules and safeguard measures, security and free flow of traffic on the Pakistan Motorway network. The NHMP use heavy jeeps, cars and heavy motorbikes for patrolling and help purposes and uses day a nd night vision travel cameras for enforcing speed limits. It is friendly and corruption free police in Pakistan. significance OF TRANSPORTATION AND ITS SENERIORoad transport is the backbone of Pakistans transport system. The 9,574 km long National Highway and Motorway network, which is 3.65 per centum of the tally road network, carries 80 percent of Pakistans total traffic. Over the past ten years, road traffic, both passenger and freight, has grown significantly faster than the national economy. Currently, it is accounting for 91 percent of national passenger traffic and 96 percent of freight.Port traffic in Pakistan grows at 8 percent yearbookly in recent years. Two major(ip) ports, Port Karachi and Port Qasim, handle 95 percent of all world-wideist trade. Port Gwadar, which was inaugurated in March 2007 and is being operated by Singapore Port Authority, is aiming to develop into a central competency port in the region. 14 dry ports allow to high shelter external trade. Pakistan Railways (PR) has a broad gauge system (with a delicate network of meter gauge in the southeastern East). The network incorporates of the main North South corridor, connecting the Karachi ports to the primary production and universe of discourse centers in Pakistan. The embrace is in good condition with an axle-load of 23 slews and maximum permitted speeds of blow/110 kph.There are 36 operational airdromes. Karachi is Pakistans main airport but significant levels of both domestic and international cargo are also handled at Islamabad and Lahore. Pakistan external ancestrylines (PIA), the major public vault of heaven airline, though facing the competition from a hardly a(prenominal) private airlines, carries most 70 percent of domestic passengers and close all domestic freight traffic.The transportation firmament accounts for somewhat 10.5 percent of the countrys gross domestic product and 27.4 percent of realise Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) in FY06. It a ppropriates over 6 percent of employment in the country and receives 12 to 16 percent of the annual Federal Public Sector Development political platform (PSDP). disposal agencies dwarf the sector.Although the sector is functional, its inefficiencies with long waiting and traveling times, high costs, and low reli office are dragging the countrys economic growth. These factors also reduce the competitiveness of the countrys exports, increase the cost of doing business in Pakistan, and constrain Pakistans ability to integrate into orbicular supply chains which require just-in-time delivery. The poor execution of the sector is estimated to cost the economy 4-6 percent of GDP each year.RoadsOver half the national highways network is in poor condition, and the road safety remember is poor. The countrys truck fleet is mostly made up of obsolete, underpowered, and polluting vehicles, and trucks are ofttimes grossly overloaded. Truck operating(a) speeds on the main corridors are only 40 50 kph for container traffic, half of the truck speeds in Europe. For trucks carrying absolute majority cargoes, the journeys take 3-4 times longer than in Europe. Bridge between South Asia and South West Asia Iran and Afghanistan are energy abundant while India and China are lacking of. China finds way to Indian ocean and Arabian Sea through Korakaram. China with its fastest economic growth rate of 9% is developing its southern provinces because its own port is 4500 km away from Sinkiang but Gawader is 2500km away. Pakistan offers to CARs the shortest street of 2600 km as compared to Iran (4500 km) or Turkey (5000 km). repose locked Afganistan now at the phase of Reconstruction, finds its ways through Pakistan. Gawader port with its intricate waters attracts the trade ships of China, CARs and South East Asian Countries.Hypothesis of the themeThe research battleground will examine the impact of motorways on Pakistan Economy. I will describe the relationship between motorw ay and economy.H1 There will be positive impact of motorway on Pakistan Economy which is premise of proposition.H2 There will be negative impact of motorway on Pakistan economy which is against of H1.H3 There will be effective relationship of motorway with Pakistan economy.H4 There will be ineffective relationship of motorways with Pakistan economy.ASSUMPTION OF leaseLimitationsTime constraints of the semester require less time than may be rarefied for an ethnographic field of battle. By being in the organization for only four hours a week for five weeks, there are bound to be aspects of leadership practice, organizational culture and squad communication that will non be revealed during my observations. Being an outsider may also limit what is revealed to me. The team members may be guarded in their conversations around me, especially in my initial observations. Describe conditions beyond your control that place restrictions on what you can do and the conclusions you may be a ble to drawDelimitationsI am choosing not to come upon multiple teams, even though such comparisons might be valuable, in order to allow more depth of understanding regarding the root word on which I will focus. Additionally, I will not use unified interviews in order to minimize my obtrusiveness and my influence on the team members. Describe the boundaries of the write up that you determineOBJECTIVE OF STUDYThere will be following main objective of my research.Economic growthPrivate Sector Developmentregional CooperateSocial growthDescription The overall objective of the playing area will be to provide the Government with a detailed carrying out plan for the motorway corridors, and to prepare the highest priority drop ready for award and implementation using an appropriate public-private partnership model. (i) Pakistan road sector (ii) the project preparation phase to prepare a project for the selected motorway link and (iii) the procurement preparation phase to prepare in evitable documents and prerequisites for procurement process. linkage to Country/ Regional Strategy to reduce logistics cost and increase the countrys world(a) competitiveness. The overall objective of the road network is to reduce logistics costs in Pakistan through the promotion of (i) more efficient logistics in the production sector, (ii) more efficiency in the transport sector, (iii) the development of private sector logistics businesses, (iv) discover facilitation for international trade, and (v) better human resource development.Within the road subsector, the Government intends to pursue its overall goal of reducing logistics costs and maintaining or increase the countrys regional competitiveness primarily at heart the framework of these five areas. A number of challenges and constraints must be overcome to achieve this goal within a reasonable period, including (i) developing a broadly based finance plan that reaches well beyond the dependence on normal each year budget allocations and (ii) making significant changes to Pakistans legal and contr tangible frameworks to provide the environment essential for the introduction of innovative public private partnerships.REVIEW OF belles-lettresConsiderable progress has been made in the transport and communication sector during the current fiscal year. During July-March 1999-2000, the total length of roads in the country was 249,959 km, including 138,726 Km of high type and 111,233 km of low type. Total number of motor vehicles on roads stood at 4.085 million during the same period. The construction work on Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway which started in 1998, is expected to be completed with the cost of Rs.26 billion by December 2001. Pakistan Railways network consists of 7,791 route km during July-March, 1999-2000. Its major assets include 582 locomotives, 2,029 passenger coaches and 22,247 freight wagons. During 1999-2000 (July-March) it carried 49.2 million passengers and 3.8 million tons freight and it s gross earnings stood at Rs.7,208 million. The network of Pakistan International Airlines covers 37 international destinations and 35 domestic stations covering almost all parts of the country.Its fleet consists of 48 aircrafts of varied types. Presently, three .private airlines i.e. Shaheen Air International, Bhoja Air Line and Aero Asia are operating on local and international routes, while the fourth private sector airlineSafe Air International is operating on domestic routes only. The country has two major sea ports namely, Karachi Sea Port and Port Qasim. Beside, two Fish Harbour-Cum-Mini Ports are being developed at Gawadur and Keti Bunder. The Karachi Port has handled 18.0 million tons of cargo during July-March, 1999-2000, compared with 1.7.6 million tons of cargo during the corresponding period of last year.Pakistan is now connected with most of the countries of the world through international gateway exchanges. Value added services such as internet, E-mail, cellular mobi le telephone, optical fiber system, card put up phone, paging services etc. are now available in the country which are providing innovative and modern services to the consumers. At present, about 21,000 customers are connected through internet, whereas the total number of internet users in Pakistan upto March, 2000 are 120,000. There are more than 3.8 million telephone lines, out of which about 3.03 million lines are connected to the customers, 2,663 telephone exchanges, 1,362 NWD exchanges, 10,256 VHF PCOs, 393 telegraph offices and 112 customer service centres are working in the country. The estimated number of TV and VCR sets in the country as on June 30, 1999 were 3.035 million and 0.136 million respectively. As on March 31, 2000, the TV and VCR sets are estimated to be 3.150 million and 0.136 million respectively.Pakistan is an emerging market for automobiles and automotive parts offers long business and investment opportunities. The total contribution of Auto industry to GD P in 2007 is 2.8% which is likely to increase up to 5.6% in the next 5 years. Auto sector presently, contributes 16% to the manufacturing sector which also is expected to increase 25% in the next 7 years.Pakistan, with 155 million people, has a reasonably developed transport infrastructure. Road transport is the backbone of Pakistans transport system. The 9,574 km long National Highway and Motorway network, which is 3.65 percent of the total road network, carries 80 percent of Pakistans total traffic. Over the past ten years, road traffic, both passenger and freight, has grown significantly faster than the national economy. Currently, it is accounting for 91 percent of national passenger traffic and 96 percent of freight.Port traffic in Pakistan grows at 8 percent annually in recent years. Two major ports, Port Karachi and Port Qasim, handle 95 percent of all international trade. Port Gwadar, which was inaugurated in March 2007 and is being operated by Singapore Port Authority, is a iming to develop into a central energy port in the region. 14 dry ports cater to high value external trade.Pakistan Railways (PR) has a broad gauge system (with a small network of meter gauge in the South East). The network consists of the main North South corridor, connecting the Karachi ports to the primary production and creation centers in Pakistan. The track is in good condition with an axle-load of 23 tons and maximum permitted speeds of 100/110 kph.There are 36 operational airports. Karachi is Pakistans main airport but significant levels of both domestic and international cargo are also handled at Islamabad and Lahore. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), the major public sector airline, though facing the competition from a few private airlines, carries well-nigh 70 percent of domestic passengers and almost all domestic freight traffic.The transportation sector accounts for about 10.5 percent of the countrys GDP and 27.4 percent of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) in FY06. It provides over 6 percent of employment in the country and receives 12 to 16 percent of the annual Federal Public Sector Development Program (PSDP). Government agencies dominate the sector.Although the sector is functional, its inefficiencies with long waiting and traveling times, high costs, and low reliability are dragging the countrys economic growth. These factors also reduce the competitiveness of the countrys exports, increase the cost of doing business in Pakistan, and constrain Pakistans ability to integrate into global supply chains which require just-in-time delivery. The poor performance of the sector is estimated to cost the economy 4-6 percent of GDP each year. methodologyThis presents an overview of the methods to use in the research. It shows the research design, race, have and sampling techniques, selective information arrangement and analysis.Research DesignThe study will involve the evaluating the section of motorways in the Pakistan economy. It will be effect at regional countries like China, Central Asia, Afghanistan and India. Consequently, the research will be designed to achieve the objectives set out by research.PopulationThe transport sector of Pakistan is playing an all-important(a) role in the economy. The ministry of communication is main controlling billet on motorways for supply and construction. The ministry of communication including their Departments like National Highways motorway police, National Highway authority and Transport research center essential for operational process. The targeted population for the study thus includes the followingMinistry of communication (FEDRAL)National Highway authority (NHA)National Highways Motorways police (NHMP)National transport research center (NTRC)National trade corridor improvement program (NTCIP)Frontier works organization (FWO)The Main cities (Population) desire with motorwaysSampleThe research belongs to impact of all motorways of Pakistan but in sample I will disc uss only Lahore Islamabad Motorway (M-2) solitary(prenominal) such department belonging to M-2 will be considered. The marvelnaire and date will be collected only for M-2.Sampling and Sampling TechniqueIt overt from the population above that a census is not feasible in this study. Accordingly, I shall adopt the survey type of research in which a sample from the target population will be used for the study. In total, a sample of 150 elements will be selected from a targeted population of 300. Details of the sample are as follows20 officers and official from NHA20 officers and staff from NHMP30 transporters and 20 passengers20 economy experts 20 officers preparation department40 citizens near motorwayThe research study will adopt a multistage stratified sampling method to select elements. First, thepopulation will be divided into officers and officials. Next, It will be grouped into Ministries, Departments and Agencies and into Metropolitan, municipal and Districts. This will ensu re a fair representation of each group of institutions since theiroperations are significantly different.Data CollectionThe focus of study is on attitudes and experience and the importance of primary data cannot beover-emphasised. However, secondary data will also be collected to augment the studies. Before the actual data collect the researcher will collect introductory letter from the School ofBusiness of the University of Cape Coast to the sampled institutions. The initial visit to the selected institutions will therefore be to introduce himself, familiarize himself with those institutions as well as seek their consent for the study.Data collection instrumentThe researcher will collect data by administering a questionnaire. The questionnaire will unstructured questions, consisting of approximately 20 questions divided into three sections A, B, and C. segment A will consist of seven questions seeking to dissolvent the first research question. Section B will consist of six quest ions covering the second research question where as Section C will consist of questions to test the guesswork and also answer the third research question.Table 1SectionResearch QuestionInvestigative QuestionsASample Investigative QuestionsSectionResearch QuestionInvestigative QuestionsAWhat account for the lowsupport for Internal Audit bypublic sector managers?Are you aware of the role of the Internal Auditorin you organisation?How important do you think is the role of theInternal Auditor to your organisation?In your view, is the passing of Internal Audit placedappropriately on the organisational chart?BWhat actions are necessary toget the support ofmanagement of internalauditing in the public sector?Generally, how will you association the relevance ofInternal Audit in your organisation?What reasons account for your answer above?What do you consider the three most importantactions needed to put forward Internal Auditing inthe public sector?CIs there a link between thequality of service the InternalAuditor provides for hisorganisation and the attitudeof managers towards theInternal Audit function?What do you consider to be the highest achieve ofyour internal audit department?Would agree to the statement that onesperception of the Internal Auditor is influenced byhow they perceive his role in the company? result your attitude towards Internal Audit bedifferent if they help you achieve your objectives?Research proposal SB/MAC/08/0005Page 10Most of the structured questions will be the close-ended type and respondents willbe asked to mark the appropriate box matching the right answer. Otherquestions, however, will require respondents to give opinions.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAfter analytical study keeping in view their results, discussions will be suggested to solve the line for this purpose also policy implications will be discussed. This study will be useful for the research on the topic and will provide guideline for planner and policy maker.REFRENCESwww.wor ldbank.org.pk//PAKISTANEXTN/0,,content MDKen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorways_ of _PakistanSACTRA. (1999), Transport and the economy. HMSO, London.Mewton, R. 1997, The costs and benefits of induced traffic on the Sydney Harbour Tunnel and Gore Hill Freeway. Masters Dissertation. University of refreshed England, Armidale.The Institute of Internal Auditors (the IIA). (2007),The Professional Practices Framework. Florida, U.S. The IIA Research Foundation.B., Cooper, D.R., and Schindler, P.S. (2005)Business Research Methods,Maidenhead, McGraw-Hill