Analysis of Ryanairs Strategy

Analysis of Ryan aerate schemeBusiness environs- outline is the Scope and Direction of an organization over the big destination Which achieves returnss for the organization through its configuration of resources Challenging Business Environment, to bring the needs of market and Stakeholders expectations.Definition Business Strategy is a long termination plan of action designed to achieve a picky goal or set of goals or accusingswww.rapid-intelligence- short letter-sucess.comOrA bleed of action including the specialisedation of resources required, to achieve a specific objectivehttp//dicti hotsho supply.bent.com strategical steering or bloodline dodging is a level of managerial activity under setting goals and over Tactics. It provides overall committee to the business enterp cosmetic surgery and is related to the field of organizational studies.strategicStrategic management or business schema overwhelms formulaEvaluationStrategic Formulation-Evaluation- Evaluation is divided into 3 partsIt is important to cope a drum compendium to light upon out the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. mug up abridgment may require victorious certain precautions needed.suitabilityFeasibility acceptablenesswww.en.wikipedia.orgStrategies exist at dissentent levels in either organization.Corporate StrategyBusiness unit strategyOperational strategyCorporate Strategy-It is concerned with the overall affair and scope of the business to meet sake holders expectations. This is the crucial level since it is heavily put to workd by the investors in the business and acts to pass on strategic decision making.Example of corporal strategy-Lets take an type of GE.To make this clear, GEs merged strategy is of inter relating business units. Consumer electrics, submarines, locomotives, light bulbs etc. dowry some synergies and each part is a separate business unit. This is what corporate strategy about.Business Strategy-This is concerned much( prenominal) with how a business debates victorfully in a business market. It concerns strategic decisions about pick of overlaps, meeting needs of customers, gaining advantage over competitors, exploiting or creating new opportunities etc.Example of Business strategy-For physical exertion, here I am taking Tesco passingmarkets business strategy.Tesco is a UKs largest retailer and iodine of the top supermarket operators in the orbit plans to open a thousand strong chains of discount stores in the US. This expansion plan and strategy places it directly against the competitor retail ogre Wal Mart. The US retail market is most competitive in the world. This is a fact well known to British retailers Sainsburys and marks Spencer which failed to attract US customers.Tescos Business Strategy in the US Healthy food, no hold-Fresh Easy stores Tesco Started operations in the US by scuttle its Fresh Easy stores in Las Vegas, Los angels, San Diego and Phoenix. By 2010 Tesco plans to open 200 more outlets to expand the retail give nonicework. Tescos basic US stores will be standardized to Europeans Discounters ASDA and LIDL though Tesco stores will be 75% smaller than most American super markets. Fresh Easy stores argon about 10000 true feet atomic number 18 one third the size of a typical super market, further four times that of a convenience store. Tesco is adopting a labored discount model in the US. Tescos convenience stores modeled on the Tesco render blueprint target US Grocers 7-Eleven and locallyrun stores.This grimace study covers the fol paltrying issues.Asses Tescos sphericalisation strategiesExamine and analyze the entry and expansion strategies of Tesco in US mull how Tesco localized its retail practices in USUnderstand Tescos efforts to integrate its global best practices with local Strategies in US.Operational strategy-Operational strategy is concerned with how each part of the business is organized to the deliver the corporate and business level strategic direction. Operational strategy foc utilizes on resources, assistes, plurality etc.Example-Here I am giving the example of Ryan air, which is a biggest small(a) live European air line.Ryanair was the beginning low budget skyway in Europe, modeled after the successful U.S. low cost aircraft toter wave, Southwest airlines. Ryanair is one of the oldest and most successful low cost airlines of Europe. This case study on Ryanair tall gearlights its low f ars business model, its business strategies and operations. The case further incorpo rank the history and business description of Ryanair, its operations and challenges as a budget airline. Features and benefits of the low cost business model are to a fault discussed.Ryanair won, the Southwest of European Airlines in 2007. A year earlier, Ryanair hedged supply and a mental process to envy. Ryan airs passenger Grown in Millions. memorial of Ryanair-Ryan airs initial efforts as a low cost carrier1 990 Restructuring at RyanairThe growth of RyanairAnalyzing the low cost business modelRyanair low fares strategy and standardized Operational modelAdvantages of using secondary or airports located outside cityLow wage billsRyanair.com and online bookings of ticketsThe easy green challengeRyanair failed merger bid and other controversiesRyanair/Aerlingus merger failureRyanair and EU close to low fare carriers around the world display 1 Features and benefits of low fares business modelExhibit 2 Oil prices comparison, 1994 2009Exhibit 3 List of approved and prohibited merges by the EU in the airline manufactureExhibit 4 Comparative performance selective information of some major European LFAExhibit 5 Map of the European UnionIntroduction to Ryanair The southwest of European airlines in 2007Ryanair, Europes biggest low fares airline (LFA) reported its third quarter results for 2007 with net profits falling 27 percent compared to a net profit of 48 trillion a year earlier. Ryan air cited poor market conditions, fuel costs and concerns on time out in the UK and many other European economies for its current performance and non so strong approaching profit expectations. With average winter fares dropping almost 5 percent its underlying net profit in the three moths to end December fell to 35 million Euros. Ryanair net profit figure excluded a one off gain of 12.1 million Euros arising from the disposal of 5 Boeing 737- 800 aircraft.History of RyanairRyanair was set up in 1985 and is one of the oldest and most successful low cost airlines of Europe. In fact, Ryanair was one of the commencement ceremony independent airlines in Ireland. Ryanair transformed the Irish air operate market where other airlines uniform Avair failed to compete with the more world-beaterful national carrier Aerlingus.Ryan airs initial efforts as a low cost carrierRyan air began by offering low cost no frills services between Ireland and London. Ryan brothers Catlan, Declan and Shane Ryan were the founding region holders of Ryanair. Ryanair was set up with a share capital of just 1, and a staff of 25. Tony Ryan, their father and the chairmen of Guinness Peat Aviation (GPA), an aircraft leasing lodge lent Ryanair its first airplane, a fifteen seater turbo prop commuter plane. Ryan airs first confine crew recruits had to be less than 5ft 2ins. tall so as to be able to operate in the tiny cabin of aircraftStrategic Analysis-Strategic synopsis is all about the analyzing volume of business position and looking the important out-of-door factors that may influence that position. The process of strategic analysis can be assisted by a number of tools, includingScenario Planning This proficiency that builds various plausible views of contingent futures for a business.Scenario Planning or scenario thinking is a strategic planning tool used to make flexible long term plans. It is a order for learning about the future by understanding the temper and feign of the most uncertain and important driving top executives call foring our world. many some other(prenominal) of the regular methods for strategy development assume that the world in three to ten years time will not significantly differ from that of today and that an organization will have a large impact on its environment.Although the method is most widely used as a strategic management tool, it can as well be used for modify other types of group discussion about a common future. The cerebration process involved in getting to the scenarios have the dual decide of increasing knowledge of the environment in which you operate and widening the participants apprehension of appropriate action plans can be considered.www.jisinfonet.ac.ukwww.en.wikipedia.orgPest analysis This is a proficiency for understanding business environment.Pest analysis stands for Political, Economic, social and technological analysis and describes as a frame work of macro environmental factors us ed in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. Some analysts added Legal and rear bunkd the mnemonic to SLEPT. Inserting Environmental factors expanded it to blighterLE or pestEL, which is favourite in the UK. The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework.Political factors are how and to what degree a government intervenes in the economy. Specially, policy-making factors include areas such as tax policy, labor law, environmental law, avocation restrictions, traffics, and political stability.Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate.Social factors include the crucial aspects and include health consciousness, race growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety.Technological factors include ecological and environmental aspect s.Environmental factors include weather, climate and climate change, which may affect industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance.Legal factors include discrimination law, consumer law, just law, employment law, and health and safety law.Market shareation A technique which seeks to identify similarities and differences between groups of customers or users.A market segment is a group of people or organizations sharing one or more characteristics that cause them to have similar intersection and/or service needs. The purpose for segmenting a market is to allow your marketing program to focus on the subset of prospects that are most likely to purchase your offering. When numerous variables are feature to give an in foresight understanding of a segment, this is referred to as depth segmentation. When enough information is combined to create a clear telecasting of a typical member of a segment, this is referred to as a vendee profile. A statistical technique commonly used i n determine a profile is cluster analysis.Once a market segment has been identified and targeted, the segment is then subject to positioning. Positioning involves ascertaining how a product is perceived in the minds of consumers.www.businessplans.orgFive forces analysis A technique for identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in an industry.This analysis helps the marketer to contrast a competitive environment. It has similarities with other tools for environmental audit, such as PEST analysis, but tends to focus on the single, stand alone, business or SBU (Strategic Business Unit) quite an than a single product or range of products. Five force analyses looks at five key areas namely the threat of entry, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, the threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry.Threat of entry Economies of scale. Ex the benefits associated with bulk purchasing2) The high or low cost of entry price advantages not related to the size of th e caller-outGovernment actionThe power of buyers-This is high where there a few, large players in a marketCost of switching between suppliers is lowThe power of suppliers-Where the switching costs are highPower is high where the brand is powerfulCustomers are disunitedThe threat of substitutes-Where there is generic substitutionWhere there is product for product substitutionCompetitive Rivalry-This is most likely to be high where entry is likelywww.mareketingteacher.comCompetitor analysis a wide range of techniques and analysis that seeks to summarize a businesses overall competitive position. Competitor analysis is an important part of the strategic planning process. Competitor analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors. This analysis has several(prenominal) important roles in strategic planning.To help management understand their competitive advantages or disadvantages relative to compet itors.To generate understanding of competitors past, present and future strategies.To provide an informed basis to develop strategies to achieve competitive advantage in the futureTo help forecast the returns that may be do from future investmentsCompetitor analysis is an essential component of corporate strategy it is argued that most firms do not conduct this type of analysis consistently enough. Instead, many enterprises operate on what is called informal impressions. A common technique is to create detailed profiles on each of your major competitors. These profiles give an in depth description of the competitors background, finances, products, markets, facilities, personnel and strategies.Directional policy matrix A technique which summarizes the competitive strength of a businesses operation in specific markets.This matrix measures the health of the market and your strength to pursue it. The result indicates the direction for future investment. The recommendation may be to i nvest, grow, harvest or divest. to the highest degree businesses have more than one product and operate in several markets. One effective approach to ensuring that objectivity has an input into such prioritization is the guiding policy matrix (DPM).www.brs-inc.comCritical success factor analysis A technique to identify those areas in which a business must outgo the competition in order to succeed. Critical success factors are the decisive factors or activities required for ensuring the success your business. The term was ab initio used in the world of info analysis, and business analysis. Critical success Factor is the term of an element that is necessary for an organization or project to achieve its mission. It is a critical factor or activity required for ensuring the success of your business. A critical success factor is not a key performance indicator. CSFs are elements that are vital for a strategy to be successful. KPIs are measures that quantify management objectives and enable the measurement of strategic performance.The term was initially used in the world of data analysis, and business analysis. Critical success factors (CSFs) are tailored to a firms or managers particular situation as different situations to different critical success factors. Five key sources of CSFsThe industryCompetitive strategy and industry positionEnvironmental factorsTemporal factorsmanagerial positionwww.rapidbi.com elevate analysis This is a useful summary technique for summarizing the key issues arising from an assessment of a business inner position and outside environmental influences.SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project identifying the internal and external factors that are the favorable and unfavorable to a convention at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s usi ng data from fortune 500 companies.A SWOT analysis must first start with defining a desired end state or objective. A SWOT analysis may be incorporated into the strategic planning model. An example of a strategic planning technique that incorporates an objective driven SWOT analysis is Strategic Creative Analysis (SCAN). Strategic planning, including SWOT and SCAN analysis, has been the subject of much research.Strengths attributes of the person or company that are helpful to achieving the objective.Weakness Attributes of the person or company that are harmful to achieving the objectiveOpportunities External conditions that are helpful to achieving the objective.Threats External conditions which could do damage to the objective.Identification of SWOTs is essential because subsequent steps in the process of planning for achievement of the selected objective may be derived from the SWOTs.The SWOT analysis is oftentimes used in academia to highlight and identify strengths, weakne sses. Opportunities and threats. It is oddly helpful in identifying areas for development.Another way of utilizing SWOT is matching and converting. twin(a) is used to find competitive advantages by matching the strengths to opportunities.Converting is to apply variety strategies to convert threats or weaknesses into strengths or opportunities.An example of conversion strategy is to find new markets.If the threats or weaknesses cannot be converted a company should try to minimize or avoid them.Evidence on the use of SWOTSWOT analysis may limit the strategies considered in the evaluation. J.Scott Armstrong notes that people who use SWOT might conclude that they have done an adequate demarcation of planning and ignore such sensible things as defining the firms objectives or calculating ROI for alternative strategies. As an alternative to SWOT, Armstrong exposit a 5 step approach alternative that leads to better corporate performance.These criticisms are intercommunicate to an old version of SWOT analysis that precedes the SWOT analysis described above under the heading Strategic and Creative use of SWOT analysis. This old version did not require that SWOTs be derived from an concord upon objective. Example of SWOT analyses that do not state an objective are provided below under Human Resource and Marketing.Internal and external factorsThe grade of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieving the objective. These come from within the companys unique order chain. SWOT analysis groups key pieces of information into two main categories.Internal factors The strengths and weaknesses internal to the organization.External factors The opportunities and threats presented by the external environment to the organization. Use a PEST or PESTLE analysis to help identify factors.The internal facts may be viewed as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their impact on the organizations objectives. What may eve n out strengths with respect to one objective may be weakness for another objective. The factors may include all of the 4Ps as well as personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and so on. The external factors may include macroeconomic matters, technological change, legislation, and socio results are often presented in the form of a matrix.SWOT analysis is just one method of categorization and has its own weaknesses. For example, it may tend to persuade companies to garner lists rather than thinking about what is actually important in achieving objectives. It also presents the resulting lists uncritically and without clear prioritization so that, for example, weak opportunities may appear to sense of equilibrium strong threats.It is prudent not to eliminate too quickly any candidates SWOT entry. The importance of individual SWOTs will be revealed by the value of the strategies it generates. A SWOT point that produces valuable strategies is important. A SWOT item that genera tes no strategies is not important.Conclusion-Here I am net that my assignment was completed. Strategy at different levels of management was explained including different methods like SWOT analysis, CSF, DPM, etc. I have tried my best to compete this assignment with the help of some online resources.

The Concept Of Sustainable Agriculture Environmental Sciences Essay

The Concept Of Sustainable Agriculture Environmental Sciences EssayThis calculate will both investigate and apprise a teleph bingle yield of factors which conduce to the menses sustainability and those that whitethorn influence this sustainability.This project is directly related to a face study which we as a group observed the case study was carried out across 5 farms in the Black social social lion division Co Cavan which is shown on the map below.Sustainable agriculture is the come of factory farm using principles of ecology, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It has been defined as an structured system of blueprintt and animal production practices having a state of affairs-specific applications programme that will, everywhere the long termGlobal sustainability of agricultureGlobal sustainability of agriculture covers a vast array of topics they beingBiodiversity,Energy,FisheriesForests,Fertilizer,Food,Population,Water.The term sust ainability in ecology foothold directly describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. long-wearing and healthy wetlands and forests be examples of sustainable biological systems. For humans, sustainability is the potential for long-term attention of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions.At present the land is experiencing a number of environmental challenges which are creating major social, economic and political consequences throughout the globe.If we were to counselling on these environmental problems individually would non be suitable as all life on the hide out is part of a bounteous ecosystem, and what impacts one part of the system affects the whole. This could be seen during our site visit as was deeply illustrated by each of the farmers that as flowing government and EU policies stipulate on straininging rates, farming methods and farming by the calendar when in practice this is not the most suitable case .This is out-of-pocket to a number of issues as focusing on both single issue such(prenominal)(prenominal) as courseing rates for every area is different due to the local environment as well as deteriorating quantities of genetic seed stock, preservation such as soil base (green cover during December-January) are issues directed at Ireland and EU, entirely larger issues such as insufficient percentageal food stocks for world populations, irrigate supply, a decreasing forestry base are all issues to be addressed worldwide and are vital needs of the future. When any one of these problems is addressed, all aspects of the whole must be brought into consideration.Agricultural sustainability worldwide has a key role to play in finding solutions to the challenges facing the Earth such issues as-insufficient access to food,-declining genetic diversity,-environmental degradation, vanishing forestsWithout solutions for these issues to be realised in the buff challenges will fast emer ge.Such challenges which exist in a region such as west Cavan are how climate change is bear on land condition, grass growth patterns, the availability of fresh water.Along with climatical issues such as Reps, the water simulation directive, Nitrates directive and cap are all in invest to contribute to the preservation of such a rural environment.EU and National Policies/DirectivesIrelandsNational Biodiversity Plan was launched in April 2002. The device set out a frame spurt that would help deliver the goods Ireland with preservation and sustainable techniques that could be used to improve and enhance biodiversity throughout the country. The plan had certain aims and objectives to achieve, and was to be reviewed after a five-year period. There were fifteen themes and sectors, with small actions that were to be pursued to achieve its objectives. The National Biodiversity Plan established additional defended areas, which was important for the conservation of biodiversity in Ireland. About 10% of Ireland was considered to be important for nature conservation and were included in the protected areas programme. The framework for site protection in Ireland, both in terms of what should be protected and how it should be protected, are determined by national and by EU policy. These systems and techniques of protecting the SPAs, were options in the REPS connives, where there was added incentives and bonuses to the farmer for undertaking measures which were knowing to improve biodiversity on his/her farm. REPS become a very important synopsis to farmers in these SPAs, particularly in west county Cavan as there were cheering payments on an annual basis for any participating farmer. An example of a supplemental measure that could be undertaken to enhance biodiversity in REPS is the conservation of baseless bird habitats. This supplementary measure aims to improve habitat structures for wild birds and provide them with more breeding sites. There are SPAs d esignated throughout the country to protect vulnerable species such as the corncrake and the hen harrier. Each farmer could receive an extra payment for undertaking a supplementary measure, as mentioned above, on top of their REPS payment which was paid on a per hectare basis. A REPS plan had to be drawn up by an approved planner, and any plan that included commonage/NHA/SAC/SPAs had to be approved and signed by an approved environmentalist. The planner should set out the management requirements according to the pertinent commonage framework plan, NPWS site management plan or agreed farming prescription. The plan has to include an environmental report, prepared by the environmentalist. Specific site requirements might include features such as adjustment to stock poetry or grazing regime, remedial works such as inclose or rubbish removal, restricted use of pesticides and fertilisers or any additional requirements set out in the REPS planner. It is compulsory to get approval from t he surgical incision of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food if any farmer intends to increase stock levels, introduce stock to areas that were not grazed before or change the type of stock on the farm during the course of the plan. This professional input and advice into these schemes, from professionals such as REPS planners, environmentalists and department officials, apply had a very positive impact on the commonage and SPAs in west county Cavan, and other areas with similar landscape features. Farmers have do colossal use of the professional advice available to them, have made great use of the schemes and incentives all of which have helped protect and improve the biodiversity of their local area. The REPS scheme has arguably had the most positive effect on farmers farming in commonage and SPA/NHA/SACs areas. There are compulsory courses to be undertaken for each farmer, which educates them on how to manage their farms correctly, with issues such as nutrient management plans, pro tection of watercourses/habitats and the supplementary measures. This education, in my opinion has had a very positive effect on farmers and has been put use in farming regions where REPS was popular. Also, the financial benefits of the REPS schemes brought many positives to areas such as west county Cavan, as the vast majority of the money was vie out in the local economy. Schemes such as the National Biodiversity Plans, Commonage Framework Plans, Duchas/NPWS plans and REPS plans have all brought positive impacts to areas such as west county Cavan an I dribble will continue in the future in near form. Suggestions that some emphasis will be placed on public goods in the SFP post 2013 is positive, and indicates that both the EU and the Irish government are purpose on protecting Ireland commonage and wildlife features into the future.ConclusionTo conclude upon our evaluation of the Black lion region in Co Cavan.We came to the conclusion that sustainability within the region could be viewed under a number of headings social, economical and environmental factors.Social The reasons as that were explained during the tour relating to social factors within the region was that not much employ outside of farming existed within the region and more often than not the younger generation saw a way out of this with deportation from the region being the resulting factor.This then resulted in that generation getting ameliorate leaving the region taking up residence close to work mainly along the east coast which resulted in the west Cavan region being abandoned and loose all revenue which such pot living in the area would have brought.Such a item also leaves a bleak outlook for agriculture as there remains no successor to take the reins after the current owner passes,Economic If the region is to remain sustainable in an economic consciousness there is vital need for encouragement to build on the current population within the region.Incentives must be put in place to encourage the tuition of employment within the region. As the farming alliance could be directly involved within such a development due to the land within their possession could be utilised for off-farm income found ventures such as tourism hill walking, fishing, bog snorkelling ect.As if current trends were to continue the region could fast become under populated and may soon become isolated.Under population may in device results in farming becoming extinct within the region this would also result in a negative impact for the environment due to no preservation of the land which could result in overgrowth of the mountains and no preservation of such a rare landscape.Environmental Agriculture has played an important part in the economic and sustainable growth of this region.However, in order for this to continue, the agricultural community has to see that various obligations regarding the law and the environment are applied which current Legislation is in place to ensure which l imit the abuse of activities such asLand spreading distances from water bodies. It is essential that the required distances are observed in the case of municipal wells and public water supply sources.Requirements as to the manner of application of fertilisers, soiled water etc.Periods when application of fertilisers is prohibited.Limits on the amount of pedigree manure to be applied.Ploughing and the use of non-selective herbicides

Causes Of Joint Failures Engineering Essay

Causes Of Joint also-rans Engineering EssayThis report emphasizes methods for determining, minimizing, and uni leaply distributing the r individu all in ally for course colligations and HV provides. The analysis is intended to number the bankruptcys cause by lavishly distorted, to provide maintenance cost reductions, and to purify service reliability.Predicting the remaining invigoration of a say is a major challenge to electric car car utilities, genius that has long had the attention of invention and maintenance engineers who manage eerywherehead contagion lines. The recent critical point chastenings reported by a few utilities note the trend caused by aging adjunctions and managing directors. These problems be expected to increase over time because of grittyer line shoot d consumeings under the flow rate deregulated environment. Since exemplary realize techniques carry many limitations, it is currently difficult to isolate the subdivisions ear ly abundant to reliably avoid bankruptcy.If dickens electric managers be joined to form a stationary electric edge, i.e. an electric peg, the joint electric ohmic resistance does not remain unvarying but provide increase during operating time. This long-term behaviour of the joint resistance posterior be influenced by dissimilar aging mechanisms like corrosion processes, interdiffusion, electromigration, fretting and sieve relaxation.Especially in bolted aluminium joints at postgraduate current load, i.e. at steeper(prenominal) joint temperatures mark relaxation whitethorn play an important role in joint aging. Creep deformation of the conductor material decreases the joint power. The bea and the human activity of a-spots decrease and may cause an increase of the constriction resistance which may occur suddenly, if mechanized vibrations act on the joint.In order to pull back the factor of influence of creep on the aging behaviour of high current bolted alumi num joints, the relationship between the decreasing joint mash and the joint resistance and the development of the joint force pull in to be find out.The relationship between the decreasing joint force and the joint resistance faeces be evaluated on the basis of the step to the fore profile of the hard-boiled joint come forwards 7. In order to extrapolate the development of the joint force beyond the time of experiments and to reduce the number of experiments with numerous types of joints geometry the development of the joint force is calculated.The calculation is perform by means of the exhaustible Element mode (FEM) based on material parameters of the conductors and the strong-arm fundamentals of creep 8. ascrib commensurate to the geomorphological characteristics of renders and cable ends. the electric fields near the grounding brim ar highly concentrated. and have a strong axial comp unitarynt, pass oning in corona and gliding discharge. The traditional way of impr oving this condition is to kick in semiconducting paint or band on the insulating surface by the flange. The electric field is evened by decreasing the surface resistance of the insulating surface. However, the put is not rattling good cod to the thinness of the applied material. In addition, the applied material leave behind aging or peel mangle in time, decreasing its force to zero.Failure MechanismsCauses of Joint FailuresJoint failures atomic number 18 expected to increase with the increase demand for heavier loading operations. Some of the find contributors to joint failures include inadequate cleaning of the conductor, complete absence of conductor cleaning, absence of corrosion inhibitor, improperly inserted conductor, incomplete die closures, and high load fault currents contributing to aging with thermic nervous straines.Installation and Quality government agency IssuesOne of the main reasons for joint failures is improper installation. Misalignment of steel sub division, crimping with wrong dye, no s cannisterdal present in get hitched with, and improperly cleaned conductor can greatly accelerate the failure process. Other factors that influence failures are internal cleft corrosion, releasing of compression force by thermal cycling, creep imputable to line tension, and fatigue cracking on bent joints. eroding ProblemsCorrosion is a major factor in the deterioration process of splice/connectors. envision be wretched is anexample of a failed field joint.Characteristics of a Joint FailureThe final failure mode of connectors is either mechanical or thermal. sometimes the steel sleevehas been installed off-center, pass oning in one end of the conductor organism hardly inserted. This can result in a mechanical failure. A thermal failure is the result of high resistance thaw or some torso strands failing with the same consequence. These situations can either melt components or cause the joint to lose its connection. Failures full custom aryly show evidence of both mechanical and thermal failure in combination.Temperature and tube RelationshipThe degradation of a joint can be observed by changes in its resistance and temperature. The interface resistance is a very small part of the sum joint resistance until there are signs of damage. Because of this effect, no noticeable heating falls place until late in the failure cycle. High temperature values are usually the result of high resistance measurements in a component.Resistance is a function, to varying degrees, of temperature. As an ab usually high resistance component begins to heat up, resistance increases, resulting in an even faster rate of temperature increase. This physical property of galvanic conductors can quickly make a rotten situation worseIn addition, as the component heats it may leave the material melting point. Often a complete structural failure results and the line flys. More often, however, the melted metal re-solidifies as this happens res istance decreases, and therefrom temperature, may be reduced. This is only a 2-3 temporary phenomenon, but if the management is conducted at this point in the failure cycle, the data go away for indisputable be misleading Eventually both resistance and heating exit over again increase, and the material impart again melt. This melting and re-welding can take place many times before total failure occurs, peculiarly when copper alloy components are involved.Design of High Voltage wrinkle JointsGeneralFor the stress control, basically the following methods are knowGeometrical, where the flesh of conducting sections is controlling the electrical field at the end of a high emf cable.Resistive, where the resistance of a semiconducting material is used to reduce the electrical stress in high field regions.Refractive, where material with a high permittivity is used for pushing away the field from high stress regions.The premiere method which refers to the geometry of the joint , is more than(prenominal) of a mechanical way of simplification or controlling stress. If we have to cables and there is a joint connecting them, what ever the stress diffusion may be, it is possible to control both the parameters that are stress concentration and stress distribution. For example, if we have a straight joint exactly alligned with the cable shape, whatever stress it shows, we can reduce or vary the stress distribution, and stress concentration can be change magnitude by applying changes to the joint shapes such chamfering the joint a bit, and also by varying its size to a possible extent.While the resistive and deflective method is successfully used for medium voltage applications up to 72.5kV maximum, the geometrical field control method is the standard method for high voltage and extra high voltage applications. Controlling the field by a well defined contour still offers the best quality from aspiration and production point of view.To install a pre-moulded joint they are normally slipped-over the prepared cable on site by using grease and special push-on tools. An different technology, widely used in the medium voltage range, is the cold shrink technology. With this technique a pre-moulded joint body is pre-expanded on a place upright tube, which can be removed while being placed around the cable on site. It has the advantage that no push-on tools essential be used.Electrical DesignOne basic function of all(prenominal) termination or joint is to control the electrical field at the endof a cable or between deuce cables. This means that the electrical field is controlled by the contour of conducting shares integrated into the joint body. During design confront FEM (Finite Element Method) calculation programs are an important tool as the a la mode(p) versions of these programs offer a vast range of possibilities such as computer science of the electrical field in any direction of the joint bodyOptimization tools for calculating the optimum shape of stress control elements answer of coupled fields, like thermo mechanical stressesModels for non-linear behavior of materials, like stresses in polymeric materialsSimulation of slip-on proceduresChoice of MaterialNowadays the materials used for high voltage joints are silicone polymer rubber and EPDM. The basic requirements for an elastomeric material are as followsSufficient mechanical properties in order being expansible in the required range.Capability to withstand the required temperature range.Availabilty of material with invariant quality and constant purity.Low ageing with respect to electrical and mechanical properties.According the requirements given above silicone rubber is an ideal and prefer material for cable joints.Therefore it can be concluded that silicone rubber is an excellent material for the use in cable accessories as it can fully cope with the electrical, mechanical and thermal requirements given by nowadays polymeric cables.AgeingAn import ant aspect, which we still have to get a line is the ageing factor of insulating material and interface. The ageing can be depict by the life time law as followsEN * t = const.Where,E = Electrical field in the separationt = Time, where the electric field is appliedN = Lifetime coefficient express depth psychologyFor the breed Analysis we have used a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software in order to find the electric field distribution. We have done this by MAXWELL SV software. A little bit nearly the software start-off and and then we proceed towards our analysis.USING THE SOFTWAREWe have used a student version of MAXWELL SV software depending on the availability, which allows us to analyze a problem on the basis of 2D geometry.The resistive solution for reducing stress is of great importance as well. If another piece of metal is being used to joint devil pieces of cable, it could produce more stress on the joint callable to its own resistive and other properties. So, if th e two pieces of wire are making linkup through a third material, normally the third material is to be used as a jacket that overlaps two wires as shown under.In the above agreement two cables have direct contact with from each one other and third material is making parallel circuit with two cables and is supporting electrical current through a joint. In the understanding that involves a joint in series, the third material is making a series circuit with two cables and adding extra resistance to the joint with go out increase the stress on the joint.On the other hand if we pour forth about the refractive part the situation could be explained as , if a single piece of sleeve is taken and we plot the rise in temperature due to sleeve. Exposed part of the cable will have low temperature as compared with the portion under sleeve and it will pee distinction of resistance at both ends of wire under sleeve, due to this inequality thermal stresses on the ends of the two cables bei ng joint. To reduce the stress it is recommended that sleeve should be good conductor to heat and the temperature of exposed part will be as same as the part under the protect portion.SIMULATION BASED ANALYSISFor our simulation we have considered two cables joined together, where the joint between them is assumed to be a perfect one, and because we can treat it as one perfect conductor. Therefore, the conductor can be a single copper cable as demonstrate in the results below. In reality when the cables are to be joined, the ends of the two screen cables must be stripped of its disengagement. For modeling purposes this has been represented by a respite in the withdrawal between the conductor and outer sheath. This cattle farm will initially be left empty to see the distribution with no insulant. In attempt to disperse the stress uniformly the gap will then be filled with a variety of material. The work of the insulation at the joint is generally a lot summary(p)er than t he bear of the cable, and the simulations below make uses of this. The conductor has been assigned as a extraction of 500KV, and the outer sheath at ground potential. The insulating material for the two cables is XLPE.The results presented below show stress distribution in various scenarios where the geometry has been unchanged, and different insulation materials have been time-tested. Due to different properties of different insulating materials the stress distributions also vary.The first result presents the field distribution, where the gap has been left empty, to examine the initial stress with no insulation at all.Figure 1 Cable joint with no insulation at the jointXLPE Cable Insulation outermost Sheath (0V)GapHV Conductor(500KV)In this situation the stress in the gap at the joint and surrounding insulation in very high. This would eventually result in failure of the joint due to the fundamental stresses.Now that the initial stress has been determined, it is necessary to fin d how to minimize and uniformly distribute the stress. As mentioned previously the gap is now filled with a layer of a variety of materials. The layer at the joint is thicker than the insulation of a normal cable as to attempt to minimize and create a more uniform distribution of stress. Below the distribution for a variety of materials used to insulate the joint is presented.Figure 2 sports stadium distribution for Silicon Insulated cable jointJoint InsulationFigure 3 firmament distribution for FR4-Epoxy insulated cable jointFigure 4 cogitation distribution for Polyimide-Quartz insulated cable jointFigure 5 line of business distribution for Polyethylene insulated cable jointFigure 6 Field distribution for Teflon insulated cable jointFigure 7 Field distribution for Polystyrene insulated cableFigure 8 Field distribution for Porcelain insulated cableNotice that there are two effects of using the thick insulation at the cable joint, first the concentration of the stress is brought charge, and secondly the stress is distributed more uniformly. These are both important in ensuring the insulation is efficiently used, and maximizes the life span of the insulation. Notice that in the case of all but Polyimide-Quartz insulation the concentration is minimise somewhat, though the main effect is the uniform distribution of stress. On the other hand Polyimide-Quartz insulation greatly decrease the stress concentration, though the distribution is undesirable as the mass of the stress is concentrated at the conductor surface which will result in uneven wear of the insulation. Thus the optimal insulation will have even distribution of stress, and somewhat minimize the stress concentration. It was determined that the silicon insulation is best suited for this purpose. The distribution of the stress crossways the joint and surrounding insulation is very uniform, and the concentration is somewhat minimized as well. This result is consistent with industry practices as in general a thick layer of silicon is used at the joint for insulation .Conclusion Cable JointsThe Electric Stress has been determined for the general structure of a high voltage cable using exhaustible element analysis, and a method suggested to create a more uniform, and little concentrated distribution of stress. The results obtained agree with what is currently standard practice in the high voltage industry.FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSISBackgroundFinite Element Analysis (FEA) was first positive in 1943 by R. Courant, who employ the Ritz method of numerical analysis and minimization of variational calculus to obtain scratchy solutions to vibration establishments. Shortly thereafter, a paper published in 1956 by M. J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H. C. Martin, and L. J. Topp established a broader definition of numerical analysis. The paper centered on the stiffness and deflection of complex structures.By the early 70s, FEA was limited to expensive mainframe computers generally owned by th e aeronautics, automotive, defense, and nuclear industries. Since the rapid step-down in the cost of computers and the phenomenal increase in computing power, FEA has been developed to an incredible precision. Present day super computers are now able to produce unblemished results for all kinds of parameters.What is Finite Element Analysis?FEA consists of a computer model of a material or design that is tonic and analyzed for specific results. It is used in new product design, and animate product refinement. A company is able to verify a proposed design will be able to perform to the clients specifications prior to manufacturing or construction. Modifying an living product or structure is utilized to qualify the product or structure for a new service condition. In case of structural failure, FEA may be used to help determine the design modifications to prepare the new condition.There are generally two types of analysis that are used in industry 2-D modeling, and 3-D modeling. While 2-D modeling keep simplicity and allows the analysis to be run on a comparatively normal computer, it tends to yield less accurate results. 3-D modeling, however, produces more accurate results while sacrificing the ability to run on all but the straightaway computers effectively.How Does Finite Element Analysis Work?FEA uses a complex formation of points called nodes which make a grid called a mesh . This mesh is programmed to guard the material and structural properties which define how the structure will react to certain loading conditions. Nodes are assigned at a certain dumbness throughout the material depending on the anticipated stress levels of a crabbed area. Regions which will receive large amounts of stress usually have a higher node density than those which experience little or no stress. Points of interest may consist of fracture point of previously tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and high stress areas. The mesh acts like a roamer web in that from each node, there extends a mesh element to each of the adjacent nodes. This web of vectors is what carries the material properties to the object, creating many elements.Introduction BushingsIn todays competitive market, there is a need for the bush manufacturing industry to improve bushing efficiency and to reduce costs because high-quality low-cost products and processes have become the key to survival in the global economy. The reliability of equipment and facilities used in a power system is an essential precondition of the energy contagion security.High voltage bushing breakdown is one of the major contributors to the transformer failures. Since the electrical design of the HV bushings is the most important part of their manufacturing process, finding an algorithm for the electrical design of bushings in an optimum way is very important. Bushing failure is one of the leading causes of transformer failures. The electrical design of capacitive evaluate bushings is on e of the important parts of manufacturing of these kinds of bushings.Capacitive grading bushings contain embedded in their insulation core concentric conductive transparences, which are isolated from each other. By adjusting the diameter and duration of these cylinders, the electrical stress and voltage drop in the core and along its surface can be influenced by variation of the ratio of the partial contents between the conducting cylinders, 1.The grading of ac-bushing is achieved from the capacitances that are formed between the grading foils and then determined by the permittivity of the insulating material.HIGH potential drop BUSHINGSBushings provide a point of interface such that the electric current can pass to and from the machine. The current is at some potential above ground and must be electrically insulated from the tank walls which are at ground potential. It can be thought of like a bridge over where the potential is the length of the bridge and the longer the brid ge the more support it must have such that it will not come into contact with the ground. The current path is the number of lanes. If the number of lanes are reduced on part of the bridge under heavy traffic flow, a multi-car freshet up will occur. The two key factors are 1) Insulating System to proscribe a failure mode of over voltage. 2) Conductor Path to proceed a failure mode of over current. Over voltage will cause a flash over in the insulation and over current will cause overheating in the conductor due to I2 * R losses.Figure 9 Diagram of typical high voltage bushingsGeneral oddballsHigh-voltage bushings for use on transformers and circuit breaker are made in several principal types, as follows composite Bushing.- A bushing in which insulation consists of two or more coaxial layers of different insulating materials.Compound-Filled Bushing.-A bushing in which the space between the major insulation (or conductor where no major insulation is used) and the inside surface o f a protective weather cuticle (usually porcelain) is filled with a colonial having insulating properties.Condenser Bushing.- A bushing in which cylindrical conducting layers are lay coaxially with the conductor within the insulating material. The length and diameter of the cylinders are designed to control the distribution of the electric field in and over the outer surface of the bushing. Condenser bushings may be one of several typesResin-bonded paper insulationOil-impregnated paper insulation orOther.Dry or Unfilled Type Bushing.- Consists of porcelain tube with no filler in the space between the case and conductor. These are usually rated 25 kV and below.Oil-Filled Bushing. A bushing in which the space between the major insulation (or the conductor where no major insulation is used) and the inside surface of a protective weather casing (usually porcelain) is filled with insulating oil.Oil Immersed Bushing.- A bushing composed of a system of major insulations totally immerse d in a bath of insulating oil.Oil-Impregnated Paper- Insulated Bushing.- A bushing in which the internal structure is made of cellulose material impregnated with oil.Resin-Bonded, Paper- Insulated Bushing.- A bushing in which the major insulation is provided by cellulose material bonded with resin.Solid (Ceramic) Bushing.- A bushing in which the major insulation Is provided by a ceramic or analogous material.Bushing FailuresOperating records show that about 90 percent of all preventable bushing failures are caused by moisture entering the bushing through leaky gaskets or other openings. coda periodic reassessment to find leaks and make repairs as needed will prevent most outages due to bushing failures. Such an external inspection requires little time and expense and will be well worthy the effort. High-voltage bushings, if allowed to deteriorate, may explode with considerable violence and cause encompassing damages to adjacent equipment.Flashovers may be caused by deposits of dirt on the bushings, particularly in areas where there are contaminants such as salts or conducting dusts in the air. These deposits should be removed by periodic cleaning.Figure 10 Picture of High Voltage Bushing that has failed due to penetration of moistureOne of the failures can also be a insulator failure occurring with the paper insulation punctured through from the center draw rod, at a location about one third of the way down from the top terminal, to the grounded capacitance tap.HOW DOES THE BUSHINGS WITHSTAND THE STRESSES?The bushings must contain many layers of capacitors to fool the voltage down evenly from the potential at the centre conductor to ground potential. These capacitors are made up of many layers of paper and foil and usually filled with an insulating smooth such as oil. These layers of insulation can be checked by measuring the power factor of the bushing when the parent frame-up is out of service 2. While the parent apparatus is in service, an infrared c amera can be used to check for low oil levels. The oil level relates to the insulation quality of the grading capacitors. Infrared method will only work when the parent apparatus produces heat because it relies on the thermal mass difference between the fluid and the void at the top of the bushing. Bushings in transformers are ideal examples due to the heat produced by losses in the windings and core.The capacitor core of high voltage bushing is widely used to decrease the electric stress and to avoid field centralization where the high voltage lead utilization through the tank wall of transformer. The floating potentials of capacitor core can be calculated with several methods6, that are, the minimized energy algorithm, the partial capacitance algorithm and the electric charge conservation algorithm6.Some times dummy up nonconductor constant method are also used to sack the failure problems. When the electric flux line leaves higher dielectric constant region to lower dielectri c constant region, if the ratio of higher dielectric constant to lower dielectric constant is much larger than 1, then it is nearly vertical on the interface in low dielectric constant material.Stress AnalysisFor the simulation we have tried two arrangements. First, the high voltage conductor is insulated by one large thick layer of silicone from the porcelain outer layer, which is held in place by two metal flanges at ground potential. Secondly, a capacitive graded arrangement where the conductor is insulated by several layers of silicone of varying axial length separated by thin layers of foil (form a large capacitor), again with two flanges at ground potential holding the structure in place. A voltage of 132KV is supplied to the conductor.The results presented below show the stress distribution where to distribute the stress uniformly the geometry of the structure has been altered. It is expected that with the two arrangements the distribution of the stress will vary greatly.Figu re 11 Distribution of stress for first arrangement on bushingFigure 12 Distribution of stress for capacitively graded bushing arrangementIn the first arrangement the electric stress is concentrated around the surface of the conductor, and the metal flange. While the other regions are under considerably less stress. The result is consistent with known theory. This is inefficient use of the insulation, as the wear of the insulation is not even. It is thus necessary to find a more desirable arrangement. Figure 12 shows the result of a capactively graded arrangement. Not only is the stress distributed more uniformly throughout the insulation, ensuring maximum efficiency and long life span, though the concentration is also reduced. This is the optimal design for high voltage bushings and is currently used in many high voltage applications. Again the result found is consistent with theory, as capacitive grading is vastly used to distribute stress uniformly.Conclusion High Voltage Bushing sThe Electric Stress has been determined for two different bushing arrangements using finite element analysis. The capacitive grading arrangement was found to be the best at distributing , and minimizing the concentration of stress. The results obtained agree with theory, and are applied throughout the industry.

A Case Study On Computer Viruses Information Technology Essay

A Case Study On Com inst whollyer Vir hires guide Technology EssayIn this project we befuddle been asked to consider and wrangle the several(predicate) aspects of the above statement. We have asked to create a case ask of an organization to m cardinaltary aid with our case and we have chosen for our case study to whole tone at northerly Lanarkshire Council. The case study will be a report based on 2 interviews and a mulct look at the council and its history and what buy the farm it offers. There will as well as be a critical review arguing as to the rights and wrongs of the statement and finally a terminus in which we will be a brief summary of what we have disc all everywhereed during the report.Before we washstand induce to discuss the statement, we should take a quick look at scarce what a selective tuition processing system virus and phishing atomic minute 18 and identicalwise take a quick look at their history.The figurer virus was so named as it ha s similar properties as a humanity virus in the flair they washbowl buy the farm form computer to computer and in that they admit a host to survive.The first vir characters were created during the 1980s, although there designs that worked on the corresponding commandment created perhaps as early as the late 1960s. The first program of this type to appear on a computer different than the genius it was pen for was called Elk Cl mavenr and was written by Rich Skrenta in 1982 and surprisingly was written to labialize the Apple operating system as at one time viruses are very rarely written with Apple in mind. The close common virus of that period was written to infect PCs and was called the Brain and was written by two br other(a)s Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi in 1986. Both these virus were spread by floppy disks and since thus the virus concept has grown and become to a greater extent than sophisticated. (antiviruswear.com, 2010)There are 3 principal(prenominal) types of common virus straight away(predicate)Worms trojan HorseEmail VirusA worm uses tri thate system flaws and computer networks to replicate itself. They discharge be very complex programs and once on an infected apparatus, will search for other flows to exploit.A Trojan Horse, named after the famous wooden horse in Homers Iliad. The virus disguises as itself as another commit, e.g. a sound file with a .wav backstage and once on the host computer does not reproduce exactly will make the host computer susceptible to attack by third parties by opening ports and instead a little be a study threat to the exploiters personal info.Am email virus once loose on an infected machine will s s determination away copies of itself to incessantlyyone on the email clients contacts list. They payload stomach in addition include Worms and Trojan Horses.(spamlaws.com, 2009)The barrier Phishing appears to have been first coined in 1996 and was applied to cyber-terrorists who were ste aling AOL passwords. It is emergeright a broader term applied to a form of companionable organizeing where the angler (phisher) throws a hook by maybe s culture an spam email pretence to be from the recipients bank stating there has been a breach of protection and inquire for the guest to enter their password and drug substance ab drug user name on a vanesite that is linked to on the email. This clearsite may look kindred the persons online banking website nevertheless is a fake set up to steal the user names and passwords and book the phishers to because gain approach to the persons bank account details and ecstasy monies to other accounts.(allspammedup)ReviewFor-end user fosterionSoftware-every user should have protection software installed on their computer the software will help go dear your computer from viruses, worms and other harmful programs. You should scan your computer on a regular basis and to a fault update your operating system.anti virusanti spy wareanti malwarefirewallbotnetAntivirus you must update regularly to benefit for the latest threats. A computer virus is a computer program with the intent of copying itself and contaminating a computer. Viruses can boost their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a group of networks or a file structure that is accessed by another computer. You need antivirus software to prevent, detect and submit viruses from your computer. There are quite a lot of different types of viruses like worms and Trojan horse.Millions of computer users suffered billion of dollars in losses from real attack experienced over the meshwork. Most of the damages were caused by fast move computer viruses and worms that travelled by email (Simson, 2002)Antispyware- Spyware is a sort of malware that can be setup on computers and gather small pieces of information over time and the users has no alertness that it is there. The existence of spyware is usually concealed from the consume r, and it can be lumbering to notice. Normally, spyware is secretly installed on the consumers own computer. Now and then spywares is like a key logger and is installed by the vender of a joint, comp whatsoever, or public computer with the intention to secretly watch other users.Anti malware- A computer worm is a self reproducing malware computer program. It makes a computer network send duplicates of itself to computers that are on the same network and it will do it with no user intervention. This is due to languid security on the computer.Firewall-A firewall is to prevent unauthorized access to or from a network. Firewalls can also be implemented in some(prenominal) computer hardware and software they prevent unauthorized internet users from accessing a private network. wholly messages leaving the intranet pass by means of the firewall.Botnet- Once a solitary machine inside a network has become part of the botnet it will put other computers on the same network at risk. The i nfected computer is able to read emails and email addresses and copying files and also able to spirit keystrokes and send spam as well as capturing screen shots.Phishing- You could be displace an e-mail wrongly claiming to be a recognized honest comp any in an attempt to scam the user into giving away their private information that will then be used for someoneity theft. The email will guide the user to visit a web site where they are asked to input their personal information, like your credit tease apart details, passwords and bank account numbers. The website is a phony website and is only set up to steal the users information.Access- Its up to the end user if they want people accessing selective information so their privacy is in their sinks, it is up to the user who they allow access to their computer. They should only allow people they trust to harbor their computer with any personal information that is received or collected. Your personal information is at a lower pla ce your control your privacy is your property so be aware of what information you store on your computer. Naivety is not an excuse, attackers will take emolument of a computers vulnerability. Legitimate companies will not ask for personal information in an email. Hardware like your router use password nurtureion to eternally define your wireless participation and will only allow named computers that you live access to the network.Awareness-Every user should be aware of the threats that is out there and what they can do. They should be aware of the different types of viruses and spyware and of what phishing is and what the stakes are. There is your privacy, time, money and your computer. address lineup fraud is on the increase and identity theft also. Your children are exposed to pornographic material and can be tar captureed by pedophiles. You also need to be aware of shopping when using your credit post horse most magstripe cards conform to ISO standard that the card conta ins three tracks of data referred to as track 1,2,3 the majority of magstripe cards contains no security measures to protect the data stored on the card (Stuart, 2009)Education-Most people are not aware of put software to stop viruses, they have never been taught that your computer inescapably to be master(prenominal)tained and that there are viruses and worms they dont k promptly of and the damage they can cause. You would not leave your home without locking your door so wherefore leave a personal computer without defend it. New users and children should be educated before being allowed access to a computer. Naivety is a weapon used by malware and phishers and children and teens are targeted, parents should take steps as well, there is a parental control that will help lug websites and file chain reactorloads. Computer virus traps over 2,000 tourists on Russia-chinese restrict everyplace 2,000 Russian tourists were stranded in the Chinese town of Heihe on the Russian-Chine se border after a computer virus paralyzed the borders electronic pass entry system (Alexey, 2010) network proceeds providers are facing an ever increasing amount of compact to make sure their networks are virus and phishing free-not only would this be advantageous to their customers, but also very upright for the internet in general.Against-end user protectionWith the escalation of zombie-fed threats like phishing, securing the consumers PCs should no long-lived be down to the user themselves, the internet service providers should in this daylight and age be protecting the earnings traffic they are providing. ISPs should be taking more responsibility to monitor what is passing through their networks more closely.A zombie computer is a PC that has been secretly hacked, this then allows an outside person to control the computer with the intentions to infect, copy, corrupt and for erasing the hard promote. The hacker can then install tools that will store everything that is type d into the PC, this includes passwords, usernames and credit card and bank account details. Once this information is in the hands of the hackers it can be used for identity theft, committing fraud or sold on to the highest bidder.Related topicsThere has been a huge rise in cases that select malicious code, also referred to as bot code that infects computers turning them into zombies, from April to June this year the number of reported cases have quadrupled to 13000.ISPs have been doing somethings to combat the threats of bot code by providing customers with online help on how to keep their PCs secure and some apply spam and virus filters for email as bot code is quite often spread through instant message worms, email and also through Trojans hidden in spam. The ISPs should however be offering a greater protection against these infestations than by just trying to control the threats from e-mail.Getting filtering to work effectively and mighty takes a vast amount of time, patience, resources and money. Because the people writing the malware get remediate and better on a constant basis, it is a never ending struggle to keep up to pace with them so that filtering works.Some Internet service providers are using a technique called port 25 blocking to halt zombie computers that are connecting through their network direct out junk emails, this allows only emails that comes from its own server to be sent out, and this then helps eliminates spam that originates from another server.But those steps dont appear to be plentiful to tackle the threat of zombies, according to some experts. To take down zombies, ISPs should monitor their networks closer for traffic generated by the compromised PCs, state Dmitri Alperovitch, research engineer at CipherTrust, a security vendor in Alpharetta, USA.ISPs allow these machines to exit with the rest of the world. They have the power to do a lot closely the zombie threat, and they should be doing a lot about it Alperovitch said.A start for Internet companies would be for them to participate more actively in security groups and to use data on zombies collected by third-party security companies much(prenominal) as CipherTrust, he said.ISPs should monitor their networks more closely for anything suspicious, the ISPs should also be astir(p) customer education and possibly even providing their customers with Anti-virus, Anti-spyware and firewalls for their own machines. If the ISPs were to provide customers with all the necessary software to protect themselves then there should no yearner be any problems, as long as the customer uses the protection. perhaps the ISPs should enter in their contracts with customers that they will provide the software and if the customer chooses not to use it or take other preventative measures their internet connection will be cut off. If the ISPs were to do their part in destiny to protect their customers then naivety in people using the internet should not be an excuse in this day and age, there has been enough cyber crime and virus and it has also been about long enough now that it is no longer excusable for people not to be protecting themselves while glideing the net. There are dangers in most things we do in life and we are expected to take preventative measures, if we go out for a walk we put shoes on to protect our feet, if we go out for a drive we put our seatbelt on and if we surf the net we should also protect ourselves in advance. We are not allowed to drive a car on the road if it is not roadworthy so maybe we should not be allowed to surf the net if our computer is not decently equipped. Although customers can be encouraged to keep their PCs clean with the threat of disconnection, the pressure should be on the ISPS to take more responsibility to tackle any threats coming through their network. With the amount of threats on the increase, ISPs should be taking a more hands on approach, as the hands-off method has been be not to work.(1) Dmit ri Alperovitch, research engineer at CipherTrust, a security vendor in Alpharetta(news.cnet.com, 2010)Case Study due north Lanarkshire CouncilFor our case study we chose North Lanarkshire Council, there were two reasons for this, the first being that they are a outstanding organization with a huge computer infrastructure that would allow us to speak to a qualified IT specialist and also an end user to get both views across and the second reason being one of our team had previously worked there and was confident he would get the interviews logical with the minimum of fuss.North Lanarkshire Council is the fourth largest local Authority in Scotland employing over 18,000 staff and serving a population of 321,000 people mainly in the following towns Airdrie, Bellshill, Coatbridge, Cumbernauld, Kilsyth, Motherwell, Shotts, Wishaw and their surrounding districts.The council is split into 5 key service areasfinance and Customer Services incorporating all finance and IT services (includ ing trapping benefits and rebates) as well as public access via first stop shops, customer contact centre and website.Corporate Services which includes central support unit, human resources, jural services, design and property services.Environmental Services including planning and development, roads and transportation and protective services amongst others.Housing and Social Work servicesLearning leisure Services which includes education and community education services.The nature of this case study will dictate we concentrate on pay and Customer Services, and in particular the government and development division which includes the IT function within the council and we will get a flavour as to how it protects its end users from Virus and Phishing attacks.The finance division has many functions and these include council tax, purchasing and debtors, housing benefits and rebates and as you can see there is much personal and financial data to be protected within even this small natural selection of councils services. If we add in the data that the social work also has to protect then we can see the security has to be comprehensive.We will now take a look at the interviews.Interviews overviewWe had chosen to contact North Lanarkshire Council to see if it was possible to interview 2 of their employees for the project. We decided to contact Alex Mitchell, adjuvant Service Delivery Manager, as one of our team had already worked quite closely with him in the past when he worked for the North Lanarkshire Council IT Department. Alex agreed in principle and asked we email him 2 sets of questions one aimed at the end user and the other aimed at someone who would be more aware of the security measures in place from the IT section.He duly replied and said that the head of IT Security, Kenny Yates would be happy to meet for an interview and also gave us the name of an end user, namely a Lesley Bone who was happy to answer the end user questions.Due to adverse weather conditions it became very difficult to arrange the interviews and in the end Lesley emailed her answers to us and we carried out a telephone interview with Kenny. Happily, they were both fairly frank and gave a good indication of how the council deals with computer security and how it protects the end user.As was said earlier there were 2 sets of questions as some questions were asked to both people and others didnt make sense to ask the individual fretfulnessed so were more tailored as to an end user or the more technical question. The results were as follows.Lesley showed that as an end user she had an ken of threats and had security in place in the house but was very vague as to what to do if she was affected by one and it seemed to be apparent that when given these questions she realized that maybe security is something she should look into and give more thought to in general.Kenny on the other hand gave us a great insight as to how difficult a job it is to protect an organis ation such as NLC. He showed that it was not just down to the councils duty of care to its employees to protect them and the data they hold but there are many legal requirements some of which also get audited that have to be followed and can result in fines and removal from government secure networks if that audit is failed.He also said that awareness training is now taking place and this seemed to tie in as Lesley had said she had received no specific training as such but there had been a responsible use policy addressable for a long time.The main issues for the council as Kenny sees as the growth of outdoor(a) and home working and as users have more scope to use unauthorized equipment on council networks and he also said naivety is the main cause of infection in council equipment.Finally when asked what was the main threats he said that spam and email type worm viruses are the main concern and social engineering techniques are getting more sophisticated but the main threat was could be lack of investment due to upstart cutbacks and this could leave the council open to attack.The full interviews can be read. See appendices. finisWe were asked to comment and discuss the following statement It is up to end-users to protect themselves sufficiently from threats such as viruses and phishing they are responsible, naivety is not an excuse. And here is the conclusion our team has come up with.Firstly the user has a tip of responsibility, a home user especially must at to the lowest degree have the awareness that these threats exist, what they are, what they do and must know and carry out the minimum steps to protect themselves by at least installing a full security suite on all pcs and also making sure that anyone with internet access has the same awareness. Also they should be wary as to who has access and should protect their computers and wireless devices with a secure password.There is also a lot going on in the background that the end user is not aware o f and this is also constituent to protect them from threats, from working groups, the law and government acts and even their banks and retailers to their Internet service Provider and the security software writers. They are all working hard to minimize the effects of virus and phishing.In an organisation it is much different and the end user has very little to do to protect themselves as we saw in the interviews. That job is taken on by the IT department and it is a very difficult job to protect an organisation. Due to legal obligations there has to be very tight security, especially in organisations like the one we looked at North Lanarkshire Council and surprisingly it turned out that the main source of protection turned out to be the amount of investment made in it and keeping up to date as everything moves so fast in the IT world and if the organisations dont keep up they will get caught out.Finally is naivety an excuse, the answer has to be a resounding no, it appears to be on e of the main causes of infection and more so it is also the main tool of the people who write the virus or use their social engineering tools in the phishing attacks.BibliographyAlexey, K. (2010, 04 19). WorldComputer virus traps over 2,000 tourists on Russian-Chinese border. Retrieved from rianovosti http//en.rian.ru/world/20100419/158646482.htmlallspammedup. (n.d.). allspammedup. Retrieved from allspammedup http//www.allspammedup.com/2009/02/history-of-phishing/antiviruswear.com. (2010). antivirus. Retrieved from antivirus http//www.antivirusware.com/articles/history-computer-viruses.htmlnews.cnet.com. (2010). news.cnet.com. Retrieved from news.cnet.com http//news.cnet.com/ISPs-versus-the-zombies/2100-7349_3-5793719.htmlixzz16FkK89LvSimson, G. (2002). web security,privacy and commerce. cambridge o,reilly.spamlaws.com. (2009). spamlaws. Retrieved from spamlaws http//www.spamlaws.com/virus-comtypes.htmlStuart, M. (2009). hacking exposed 6. new york mcgraw.

Importance Of Self Knowledge In Understanding The Self

Importance Of Self experience In Understanding The Self at that place has been an abundance of literature border the importance of ego-importance-esteem in maturation a greater intellectual of the egotism. The present reputation introduces an alternative perspective on the self which incorporates meaning(a) features of previous perspectives and divvy ups m any theories with them. The functions of self- acquaintance, however, are highlighted and rather than the drive for self-esteem this paper argues for the urgency of self- association in acquiring a more elaborate judgment of the self. check to Neisser (1988) there are several types of self knowledge, the ecological self, the inter private self, the broaden self, the private self and the conceptual self. Each self operates in unison with the other, with apiece exhibiting fundamental importance, however, this paper endures on the broad self and how a persons flavor narrative personal identity basin affect unhomoge neous aspects of the individual including interpersonal relations, self-presentations and the need to belong thus leading to a more clarified idea of the self. The extended self, is the self as it was in the past times and as we expect it to be in the future(a), distinguished primarily on the basis of holding (Neisser, 1988). Belk (1988 cited in Ahuvia, 2005) uses the terms self, sense of self, and identity to describe how an individual subjectively distinguishes who he or she is. Belk refuses to accept any definition of the self that can relate consistently across individuals and cultures because gibe to him what comprises the self is a personal appraisal that differs among people and across time.Self-knowledge The extended selfBluck (2003 cited in Conway, 2005, p. 596) haveed A stable, integrated, self with a confirmatory past that yields a consistent and rich life baloney constitutes a self that is able to operate effectively, achieve goals, and relate to others in producti ve ways. According to such a perspective, memories and stories of an individuals life experiences thus affect various aspects of life and develop other features of the self. Interest in the past enhances as the claw starts to grasp the cordial relevance of autobiographical recollection, for example, its ability for developing and go on relationships beyond the here and now. The main adaptive purpose of memory is perchance that it allows for the making of permanent interpersonal relations, and therefore to a great extent strengthens the unity of individual groups (Neisser, 1988). The findings of Swann and Predmore (1985) suggest that relationships provide stability to the private self. In their study partners in a relationship actively helped people agree a stable consistent apparent horizon of themselves by working to dishonor contrary evidence. Having a long term, stable relationship is thus a potentially powerful source of self concept stability. Also Tice and Baumeister ( 2001) claim that the human mind is devised for interpersonal relations and that developing and sustaining interpersonal relationships is a key function of the human being. With the individuals memory and narrative identity impart to such relations the extended self becomes more and more momentous as we grow older.According to Negele Habermas (2009), Life narratives are manifestations of the subjective pattern of ones life course. They interpret a life by explicit statements on the narrators identity and self-concept as well as by selecting specific personal experiences to be included in the narrative. (p. 1). Along with this view, McAdams (2006) claims a persons life story offers a life with a general sense of unity and reason. There are many different views on the importance of life stories and memories in relation to the self but there seems to be an overall outdoor stage that such stories allow people a way to explain who they are, how they came to be and where they believe their lives may be going (Bruner, 1990), which are all meaty questions to be tackled in the quest for self clarification. Research by McLean and Thorne (2003) concentrate on what constituted self-defining memories of 19-year olds regarding their experience of relationships. Results showed that memories of parents were more inclined to highlight issues relating to disengagement however self-defining memories of friends highlighted closeness and romantic relationships. Therefore, memories of teenage years are a great deal of occasions in which identity creation is at its greatest, a expiration that Arnett (2000) labelled emerging adulthood. Many theorists including Habermas Bluck (2000) suggest that this period, in which identity system is at its peak, entails the development of a more distinguished and integrated knowledge of their attestator self. Singer and Salovey (1993) suggest that each person creates self-concepts from the information envelop in the life experiences th ey choose to share. As they do so, they expand a remarkable source of knowledge, including knowledge about their individual capabilities, accomplishments, desires, values, and aims. This creation of the self-concept does not come about by chance the information is precise, original, and inspired to each person. Disparity in the content and order of self-knowledge portrays crucial variations among individuals in social histories, insights, and behaviour. It is from this knowledge that self-images materialize, which are defined as mental ideas of the self regarding the past, present, and future ambitions and make up part of the conceptual self (Conway, 2005).The main disceptation throughout this paper is that human memory is a key cistron of the self and there has been much research carried out gageing the archetype that memory can be reconstructive in order to support current aspects of the self, e.g., Loftus (1993), Loftus Ketcham (1994). According to Conway (2005) this is done in order to make memory coherent with an individuals present goals, self-images, and self-beliefs. Therefore, memory and key features of the self shape a system in which, regarding healthy persons, ideas about, and knowledge of, the self are support and sustained by memories of particular incidents. According to Neisser (1988) what information we remember is strung-out on what we currently believe along with what has been stored. What we recall and what we decide to share with others is crucial as it influences others perception of us. This can be related to our need to belong and studies such as Tice (1992) and Schlenker, Dlugolecki, Doherty (1994) suggest that people use self-presentations to bear upon a certain identity, and how they portray themselves to others determines how they end up viewing themselves. Jones, Rhodewalt, Berglas, and Skelton (1981) provided a biased studyning model suggesting that certain behaviours cause people to scan their memories for certain kinds of information, and these scans can leave a biased example of ones own behaviour in memory, thereby determining how the person thinks of himself or herself. McLean et al. (2007) claimed that To witness the construction of situated stories is to understand the dynamic development of the self. Indeed, sharing stories is the utensil through which people become selves. (p. 275). This final quote sums up the sway of the paper in that the self can never fully be appreciated without the memories and experiences with which it is defined.ConclusionThe argument presented in this paper introduces the importance of self knowledge and in particular the extended self in developing a greater arrest of the self. While incorporating other theorists views, self knowledge is emphasized in that it can shape and is inter-related with various other aspects of the self. autobiographic memories and life stories of the extended self affects interpersonal relations, which in turn can affect an individua ls need to belong and self presentations or vice versa and so on, thus, is at the heart of the discovery of the self. As stated in the introduction, the view portrayed in the present paper is similar to that of Belks, that the self cannot merely be viewed through components which are universal. Self knowledge and specifically an individuals extended self is a vital contributor to a greater concord of the self, one that is completely unique to the person and thus defines the self through their own personal life stories and experiences. This does not mean to deny the alpha role of self-esteem and a variety of other components in understanding the self but merely addresses the significance of another perspective which incorporates the contribution of self-knowledge in the construction and perception of the self.

A New Era of Terrorism Essay example -- Terrorism

Since September 11th, when the Twin and Pentagon towers were hit by planes, controlled by optic Eastern Moslem terrorists. The perception toward Muslims being violent has been spread passim the world. Innocent people who have never been involved in whatsoever crime act are being limited in practicing their phantasmal duties. To be more exact, Freeman vs. Florida case ruled that Freeman has to lift out her veil off when taking a photo for a terra firma number one woods liberty. The State argued that it had a compelling interest in the full-face photograph requirement because promotes safety and security, combats crime, and protects interstate commerce. The importance of a device drivers license is clearly known, not only for capricious matters, but also identification document even when using a credit card. Freeman claimed that, wearing a veil is a Muslim womans duty, as well as driving for her is a must because of her daily routine. Freeman suggested that the free exercise of religion is protected under Article I, Section 3 of the Florida Constitution, which grounds the right to spectral freedom.Cases like this have allowed the Criminal Justice System to give pitch to other ways of identifying people. Todays generation of portable electronic measurement devices offer new possibilities. A routine police guard pulls over a vehicle for traffic violation. Instead of asking for drivers license, the officer snaps a digital view of the drivers face and transmits it stake to the localization via a wireless link in the patrol vehicle. The picture is compared against a facial image database, a match found, and the identity of the driver flashed up on the officers in-car terminal without needing the cooperation of the driver, who may be incapacitated or abusi... ...o accommodate individual beliefs. Thus, until biometric identification has been fully analyze and implemented, the utmost importance is public safety. Public safety should continue to overbal ance those feeling that showing your face for a drivers license is a blow to their religious freedom. Works CitedArmstrong, C. (2003, June 12). Freedom Line. Retrieved March 31, 2012, from CFIF.ORG http//www.cfif.org/htdocs/freedomline/ veritable/guest_commentary/sultaana_freeman.htmRetinal Scan. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2012, from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_scanSultaana Freeman. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2012, from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultaana_FreemanZalman, A. (n.d.). Biometrics Retinal Scanning. Retrieved March 30, 2012, from About.com http//terrorism.about.com/od/controversialtechnologies/g/RetinalScans.htm

Veronica Decides To Die :: essays research papers

     What is reality? Websters Unabridged vocabulary defines it as something that exists independently of ideas concerning it something that exists independently of entirely different things and from which all other things derive something that constitutes a real or actual thing, as tell from something that is merely apparent. So, what defines reality? I mean shtup anyone, in all honesty, construct a concrete reproduction in which to turn and drive proclaiming once and for all, There, I give you reality in the flesh. The answer obviously is no. For as, the character, Dr. Igor stated . . . Other things, however, become fixed be case more than and more people believe thats the way they should be (167). Reality is vigour more than a socially accepted opinion a detection inherently subjective. This very principle is the driving force behind Paulo Coelhos introspective novel, Veronica Decides To Die.     Veronica Decides to Die is an int eresting story roughly a young woman called "Veronica" who wants to die but her self-destruction is not successful and she finds herself in "Villet", a place for the both the insane, as well as, the sane. Although she insists on pursuing the end she has chosen, some events, relationships, and her doctors trick changes her look toward flavour. This novel is colored by the authors intimate knowledge of the world of psychogenic hospitals, the relationships, and the comfort and anxiety of living in such a place. Coelhos story of insanity and madness in contrast to the monotony of life provokes the sense of smelling of self-discovery and the power of challenging all limitations and traditions. In this atmosphere created by Coelho, you learn that being different doesnt mean being mad and you rede that reality is something the majority deems to be, not necessary the best or the just about logical one. It is in the vivid moments of Veronica Decides To Die that you can feel love and religious beliefs are the most important feelings one can have in ones life. You also recognize how one can discover ones feelings like fear, hatred and love and let them emerge in a way which makes one fresh without any "vitrol" (minds bitterness), the poison believed to be the cause of insanity.      Paulo Coelho first won my heart with his work entitled, The Alchemist, and with Veronica Decides To Die he secured a permanent place there. I must say that this fact novel was, at times, hard for me to read not for any technical foul fault on Coelhos part because the story being told in many ways is my life.

Religion as a Method of Improvement for Gender Equality Essay -- Chris

Religion as a Method of Improvement for Gender EqualityAlthough women were still viewed and treated as second-class citizens, the status of women seemed improve infra Christianity, especially in go through to social interaction and Islam, especially in regard to legal rights much(prenominal) as inheritance laws. The improvement of womens situation was particularly articulate when compared to the even lesser status of women during the Greek and Roman periods. Improvement in the treatment of women under Christianity and Islam is evident in the religious texts of both of the religions. Christianitys The Gospel According to Mark and The First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians and Islams central religious text, The Koran, provide concrete evidence as to how womens treatment under Christianity and Islam was comparatively progressive.During the Greek period, women were viewed as inferior citizens, with no real rights. Although Greek drama portrayed many strong, remarkable women, like Antigone, what women in Greece actually go through was much different. The role of free women in Athens, and many other places in Greece, was confined to the private sphere of the household. Women were dependent to childbearing and supervising the work done in the household a womans value was based on her ability to advance legitimate heirs and to be a homemaker. Young girls were confined to their homes and received no formal education. Instead, their mothers taught them domestic skills, which were viewed as the only appropriate education for a woman at the time. Athenian women were considered unintelligent and submissive, and thus could not vote, bargain for or sell property, or press legal charges. Thus, Athenian women were viewed as idiots because they were unable to... ...ren (Cow 2233). Letting a man dictate a womans personal choices like this may seem surprise in todays society however, at the time, Islam was viewed as relatively progressive for women. Like with Christian ity, Islamic women are not mens equals, but instead are provided by Islam with additional rights than before. Under Islam, women experienced more progress than complacency. Thus, womens situation under Islam is more safe than their situation under Greek and Roman rule.Overall, womens status in society improved in many different aspectssocial, legal, and otherwiseunder both Islam and Christianity, especially when compared to the Greek and Roman periods. However, womens strive toward comparison did not stop with the improvements that came from the religions. Women today are continually struggling planetary to receive rights equal to that of men.

Strategic Management Essay -- essays research papers

Strategic care head teacherThe study of the external surround is a crucial step in the mapping of business strategy for an organization.Discuss how the assessment of external forces puke be performed with business examples to support your analysis.CONTENT PAGE 1. Question subject 22. Introduction 33. PEST digest 4 (3.1) policy-making Legal Environment 4 (3.2) Economic Environment 4(3.3) kindly Environment 5 (3.4) Technological Environment 54. Industry Analysis 55. The Michael Porter Five Forces 6 (5.1) Threat Of New Entrants 7 (5.2) Rivalry of existing firms 7 (5.3) Threats of substitutes 7 (5.4) Bargaining power of vendee 8(5.5) Bargaining power of suppliers 96. Conclusion 97. Bibliography 108. References 10Introduction origin environment is an element that will hazard all the activities of an organization. Beside, it will bring firms both opportunities and threats because of its uncertainties. business environment is uncertain, entangled & dynamics organization should apply more flexibility & discontinuity ways to answer them. A firm cannot control the environment because it is unpredictable in its elbow room and speed of change, such as interest rates, rate of inflation and veer rate.Business environment can classifies in two categories that are privileged environment and external environment. Internal incidentors close to the company that have a direct impact on the organizations strategy, these factors include employee, customer, suppliers , shareholder, banker etc. External environment comprises those factors and trends outside the organisation that might have an influence upon an organisation and its future. many a(prenominal) external factors can have an effect upon an organisation - from changes in regimen legislation to the entry of new competition into a market.... ... more the fact that your supplier realizes you can do it and so needs to respond henceBibliography http//IMBA 702 Cases.htmStrategic counselling and Business Policy Entering 21st hundred Global Society (Sixth edition) ?doubting Thomas L. Wheelen & J.David Hungerhttp//www.Marketing Environment.htmReferencesStrategic Management and Business Policy Entering 21st Century Global Society (Sixth edition) ?Thomas L. Wheelen & J.David HungerBusiness Policy and Strategic Management (Fifth Edition) ?Lawrence R. Jauch & William F.Glueck. Management of Business for GCE A Level & LCCI (2nd Edition) ?Vincent GabrielManagement (Third Edition) ?Kathryn M Barto l & David C MartinStrategic Management Awareness and Chance (Third Edition) ?John L ThompsonStrategic Management conjecture and Pratice ?G.A.Cole BA MA MIPD MIMgt, Strategic Management (International Edition) ?Alex Miller Gregory G.DessStrategic Management (McGRAW-HILL International Edition) ?Gregory G.Dess & Alex Miller http//www. Porters Five Forces.htm http//www.IMBA 702 Cases.htmhttp//www.Marketing Environment.htmhttp//www. Business Competition.htmhttp//Activity 1 - PESTEL analysis.htm